DNA icon

Generalized Arterial Calcification of Infancy and Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Panel

Summary and Pricing

Test Method

Exome Sequencing with CNV Detection
Test Code Test Copy Genes Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Codes
ABCC6 81479,81479
ENPP1 81479,81479
Test Code Test Copy Genes Panel CPT Code Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code Base Price
7545Genes x (2)81479 81479(x4) $2190 Order Options and Pricing

Pricing Comments

We are happy to accommodate requests for testing single genes in this panel or a subset of these genes. The price will remain the list price. If desired, free reflex testing to remaining genes on panel is available. Alternatively, a single gene or subset of genes can also be ordered via our Custom Panel tool.

An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.

Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGxome (if original test is on PGxome Sequencing platform).

Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGnome (if original test is on PGnome Sequencing platform).

Turnaround Time

3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.

Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.

Targeted Testing

For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.

EMAIL CONTACTS

Genetic Counselors

Geneticist

  • Brett Deml, PhD

Clinical Features and Genetics

Clinical Features

Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (also referred to as Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification) is a rare infantile onset calcification of the internal elastic lamina of medium and large arteries and arterial stenosis due to myointimal proliferation (Rutsch et al. 2003. PubMed ID: 12881724; Chong and Hutchins. 2008. PubMed ID: 17990935). The major early clinical features include fetal distress, heart failure, hydramnios, respiratory distress, hydrops fetalis, fetal edema, cyanosis, effusions in the pleural, peritoneal, pericardial spaces and cardiomegaly. The major late clinical features are respiratory distress, cyanosis, feeding difficulties, and heart failure (Chong and Hutchins. 2008. PubMed ID: 17990935). Without proper medical management, ~60% of the patients die from cardiovascular complications or renal artery stenosis within the first 6 months of life (Rutsch et al. 2001. PubMed ID: 11159191; Rutsch et al. 2008. PubMed ID: 20016754; Ferreira et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 25392903).

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PEX) is a progressive condition characterized by ectopic mineralization in elastic fibers of connective tissues mainly in skin, retina, and blood vessels. Patients may present yellowish papules in skin, progressive visual loss and cardiovascular symptoms. Cardiovascular symptoms include rupture of blood vessels particularly within the gastrointestinal tract, and early myocardial infarction (Bergen et al. 2000. PubMed ID: 10835643; Ringpfeil et al. 2000. PubMed ID: 10811882). The estimated disease prevalence is between 1/25,000 and 1/50,000 in the general population and the estimated carrier frequency is one in 111 to one in 80 individuals (Legrand et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 28102862).

Genetics

Generalized arterial calcification of infancy is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner caused by pathogenic variants in the ENPP1 and ABCC6 genes.

Pathogenic variants in the ENPP1 gene have been reported in 75% of patients with autosomal recessive generalized arterial calcification of infancy (Rutsch et al. 2008. PubMed ID: 20016754). The ENPP1 protein coded by the ENPP1 gene is a member of the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family and plays a role in regulating pyrophosphate levels. ENPP1 functions in bone mineralization and soft tissue calcification (Rutsch et al. 2001. PubMed ID: 11159191). To date, almost 70 unique pathogenic variants in the ENPP1 gene have been reported. They are: missense (67%), truncating including nonsense, small frameshift del/dup and indels (23%), splicing (10%) and one large deletion involving exons 24-25 (Rutsch et al. 2008. PubMed ID: 20016754; Lorenz-Depiereux et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20137773, Human Gene Mutation Database). Pathogenic variants in ENPP1 have also been reported in patients with autosomal dominant Cole disease (Eytan et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 24075184), and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (Steichen-Gersdorf et al. 2015. PubMed ID: 25741938).

Pathogenic variants in the ABCC6 gene have been reported in 88% of patients with diagnosed autosomal recessive Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (Legrand et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 28102862). The ABCC6 protein (ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 6) coded by ABCC6 gene is a member of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein and serves as an efflux transporter and regulates plasmatic inorganic pyrophosphate (Jansen et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 24969777). To date, ~ 350 unique pathogenic variants in the ABCC6 gene have been reported. In one study, pathogenic variants in the ABCC6 gene have been reported in 88% of patients with clinically diagnosed Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (Legrand et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 28102862). A nonsense variant c.3421C>T, p.Arg1141Ter in exon 24 was found in 25% cases from all ethnic backgrounds, and a large deletion involving exons 23 to 29 was found in 28% of patients of European American descent (Legrand et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 28102862). Pathogenic variants have also been reported in patients with autosomal dominant pseudoxanthoma elasticum, forme fruste, and autosomal recessive generalized arterial calcification of infancy/ pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PGxome

In one study, pathogenic variants in the ENPP1 gene were reported in 75% of patients with clinically diagnosed generalized arterial calcification of infancy (Rutsch et al. 2008. PubMed ID: 20016754). Only one large deletion involving deletion of exons 24-25 was reported (Lorenz-Depiereux et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20137773).

In another study, pathogenic variants in the ABCC6 gene were reported in 88% of patients with clinically diagnosed Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (Legrand et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 28102862). A nonsense variant c.3421C>T, p.Arg1141Ter in exon 24 was found in 25% of cases from all ethnic backgrounds, and a large deletion involving exons 23 to 29 was found in 28% of patients of European American descent (Legrand et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 28102862).

Testing Strategy

This test is performed using Next-Gen sequencing with additional Sanger sequencing as necessary.

This test provides 100% coverage of all coding exons of the genes plus 10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA in all available transcripts along with other non-coding regions in which pathogenic variants have been identified at PreventionGenetics or reported elsewhere. We define full coverage as >20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. This test also identifies the ABCC6 c.1780-29T>A and c.2248-12_2248-11del variants.

Due to the homologous sequence in the region of exons 1 to exon 9 of ABCC6, we utilize a long-range PCR strategy to specifically amplify and sequence these exons, which is able to overcome the limitation of current short-read NGS technology in dealing with this type of homologous sequence (Mandelker et al. 2016. PubMed ID: 27228465).

Dependent on the sequencing backbone selected for this testing, discounted reflex testing to any other similar backbone-based test is available (i.e., PGxome panel to whole PGxome; PGnome panel to whole PGnome).

Indications for Test

Candidates for this test are patients with a clinical suspicion of autosomal recessive generalized arterial calcification of infancy/pseudoxanthoma elasticum or autosomal dominant pseudoxanthoma elasticum, forme fruste, and family members of patients who have a known ENPP1 and ABCC6 causative variants.

Genes

Official Gene Symbol OMIM ID
ABCC6 603234
ENPP1 173335
Inheritance Abbreviation
Autosomal Dominant AD
Autosomal Recessive AR
X-Linked XL
Mitochondrial MT

Related Test

Name
PGxome®

Citations

  • Bergen et al. 2000 PubMed ID: 10835643
  • Chong and Hutchins. 2008. PubMed ID: 17990935
  • Eytan et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 24075184
  • Ferreira et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 25392903
  • Human Gene Mutation Database (Bio-base).
  • Jansen et al. 2014 PubMed ID: 24969777
  • Legrand et al. 2017 PubMed ID: 28102862
  • Lorenz-Depiereux et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20137773
  • Mandelker et al. 2016 PubMed ID: 27228465
  • Ringpfeil et al. 2000 PubMed ID: 10811882
  • Rutsch et al. 2001. PubMed ID: 11159191
  • Rutsch et al. 2003. PubMed ID: 12881724
  • Rutsch et al. 2008. PubMed ID: 20016754
  • Steichen-Gersdorf et al. 2015. PubMed ID: 25741938

Ordering/Specimens

Ordering Options

We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.

myPrevent - Online Ordering

  • The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
  • Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
  • PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.

Requisition Form

  • A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
  • Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
  • All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.

For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page

If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.


Specimen Types

Specimen Requirements and Shipping Details

PGxome (Exome) Sequencing Panel

PGnome (Genome) Sequencing Panel

loading Loading... ×

ORDER OPTIONS

An error has occurred while calculating the price. Please try again or contact us for assistance.

View Ordering Instructions

1) Select Test Method (Platform)


1) Select Test Type


2) Select Additional Test Options

No Additional Test Options are available for this test.

Note: acceptable specimen types are whole blood and DNA from whole blood only.
Total Price: loading
Patient Prompt Pay Price: loading
A patient prompt pay discount is available if payment is made by the patient and received prior to the time of reporting.
Show Patient Prompt Pay Price
×
Copy Text to Clipboard
×