Snyder-Robinson Syndrome, Spermine Synthase Deficiency via the SMS Gene
Summary and Pricing 
Test Method
Sequencing and CNV Detection via NextGen Sequencing using PG-Select Capture ProbesTest Code | Test Copy Genes | Test CPT Code | Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code | Base Price | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
9909 | SMS | 81479 | 81479,81479 | $990 | Order Options and Pricing |
Pricing Comments
This test is also offered via our exome backbone with CNV detection (click here). The exome-based test may be higher priced, but permits reflex to the entire exome or to any other set of clinically relevant genes.
An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.
Testing run on PG-Select capture probes does not include exome-wide CNV analysis. Reflex is available to PGxome or an exome-based panel, or you can use this gene list to create a custom panel (click here).
Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGxome.
Turnaround Time
3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.
Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.
Targeted Testing
For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.
Clinical Features and Genetics 
Clinical Features
Snyder-Robinson syndrome is characterized by mild to moderate X-linked intellectual disability, seizures, speech and gait abnormalities, marfanoid habitus, hypotonia and movement disorders, skeletal changes caused by osteoporosis, facial dysmorphism with a prominent lower lip, nasal voice, high, narrow or cleft palate, and long, thin fingers and toes (Cason et al. 2003; Becerra-Solano et al. 2009; Albert et al. 2015).
Affected males present reduced spermine synthase activity, correspondingly low levels of intracellular spermine in lymphocytes and fibroblasts, and elevated spermidine/spermine ratios (Cason et al. 2003). Carrier females are clinically normal (Becerra-Solano et al. 2009). Hypothetically, female carriers could develop symptoms due to skewed inactivation of X chromosome.
Genetics
Snyder-Robinson syndrome is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and is caused by pathogenic variants in the SMS gene encoding the polyamine biosynthetic enzyme spermine synthase. Spermine synthase is ubiquitously expressed and is responsible for the conversion of spermidine to spermine. Spermine, a polyamine, is known to be essential for normal cell growth, maintenance and survival (Cason et al. 2003; Kesler et al. 2009; Pegg and Michael 2010; Albert et al. 2015). The possible functions of spermine include resistance to reactive oxygen species and to other stress, ion channel regulation and bone development (Pegg 2014).
Pathogenic variants in SMS gene lead to greatly reduced spermine synthase activity and protein content. It was hypothesized that the tissue specificity of Snyder-Robinson syndrome arises from differential sensitivity to spermidine toxicity or spermine deficiency (Albert et al. 2015).
To date, pathogenic variants in SMS include only missense and one splice pathogenic variant. No large deletions or duplications have been reported in SMS (Becerra-Solano et al. 2009; Zhang et al 2013; Albert et al. 2015; Human Gene Mutation Database).
Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PG-Select
Clinical sensitivity is difficult to predict as only a few patients have been reported as case studies. Analytical sensitivity should be high as all reported pathogenic variants are detectable by DNA sequence analysis (Human Gene Mutation Database).
No large deletions or duplications have been reported in SMS (HGMD).
Testing Strategy
This test provides full coverage of all coding exons of the SMS gene, plus ~10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA. We define full coverage as >20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing.
Indications for Test
SMS sequencing test is recommended for suspected cases of Snyder-Robinson syndrome.
SMS sequencing test is recommended for suspected cases of Snyder-Robinson syndrome.
Gene
Official Gene Symbol | OMIM ID |
---|---|
SMS | 300105 |
Inheritance | Abbreviation |
---|---|
Autosomal Dominant | AD |
Autosomal Recessive | AR |
X-Linked | XL |
Mitochondrial | MT |
Disease
Name | Inheritance | OMIM ID |
---|---|---|
Snyder Robinson Syndrome | XL | 309583 |
Citations 
- Albert J.S. et al. 2015. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 10: 27. PubMed ID: 25888122
- Becerra-Solano L.E. et al. 2009. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 149A: 328-35. PubMed ID: 19206178
- Cason A.L. et al. 2003. European Journal of Human Genetics. 11: 937-44. PubMed ID: 14508504
- Human Gene Mutation Database (Bio-base).
- Kesler S.R. et al. 2009. Neurogenetics. 10: 299-305. PubMed ID: 19277733
- Pegg A.E. 2014. Iubmb Life. 66: 8-18. PubMed ID: 24395705
- Pegg A.E., Michael A.J. 2010. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 67: 113-21. PubMed ID: 19859664
- Zhang Z. et al. 2013. Human Molecular Genetics. 22: 3789-97. PubMed ID: 23696453
Ordering/Specimens 
Ordering Options
We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.
myPrevent - Online Ordering
- The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
- Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
- PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.
Requisition Form
- A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
- Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
- All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.
For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page
Specimen Types
Specimen Requirements and Shipping Details
ORDER OPTIONS
View Ordering Instructions1) Select Test Type
2) Select Additional Test Options
STAT and Prenatal Test Options are not available with Patient Plus.
No Additional Test Options are available for this test.