Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III Panel
Summary and Pricing
Test Method
Sequencing and CNV Detection via NextGen Sequencing using PG-Select Capture ProbesTest Code | Test Copy Genes | Panel CPT Code | Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code | Base Price | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3419 | Genes x (4) | 81479 | 81479(x8) | $990 | Order Options and Pricing |
Pricing Comments
Testing run on PG-select capture probes includes CNV analysis for the gene(s) on the panel but does not permit the optional add on of exome-wide CNV analysis. Any of the NGS platforms allow reflex to other clinically relevant genes, up to whole exome or whole genome sequencing depending upon the base platform selected for the initial test.
An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.
This test is also offered via a custom panel (click here) on our exome or genome backbone which permits the optional add on of exome-wide CNV or genome-wide SV analysis.
Turnaround Time
3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.
Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.
Targeted Testing
For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.
Clinical Features and Genetics
Clinical Features
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited disorders caused by defects in lysosomal enzymes responsible for the stepwise degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Each enzyme deficiency results in progressive storage of distinct GAGs in multiple organ systems and subsequent abnormalities. Although MPS share several symptoms, including physical and mental developmental abnormalities, they may differ even within the same enzyme deficiency. Seven clinically distinct types can be recognized (Types I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, and IX). Based on the biochemical and genetic defects, MPS III and IV are further divided in four and two subtypes, respectively. Deficiencies in eleven enzymes have been implicated in the various MPS. Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III, also known as Sanfilippo syndrome is caused by deficiency in any of four lysosomal enzymes involved in the stepwise degradation of heparan sulfate. Enzyme deficiencies result in progressive storage of heparan sulfate primarily in the central nervous system, leading to severe neurodegeneration and developmental delay. MPSIII is classified into four subtypes (MPS IIIA to D) on the basis of the specific enzyme deficiency. The different subtypes are caused by deficiency of: N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase, also known as sulfaminidase (MPS IIIA); α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (MPS IIIB); heparan acetyl CoA: α-glucosaminide N-acetylglucosaminidase (MPS IIIC); or N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase (MPS IIID). A putative fifth subtype, MPS IIIE, has been proposed to be caused by deficiency of N-glucosamine 3-O-sulfatase, although to date this subtype has only been observed in dog and animal models, with no human cases reported (Fedele 2015). Clinically, MPS III is distinguished from the other MPS by a severe cognitive and neurological impairment; and mild somatic signs. The characteristic features are similar in all four subtypes, although MPS IIIA is usually associated with an earlier age of onset and a faster progression compared to the other MPS. Symptoms appear during childhood and death usually occurs by the second or third decade of life. Symptoms typically begin with episodes of hyperactivity and aggressive behavior and progress to severe behavioral and sleep disturbances, speech difficulties, hearing and visual defects, and intellectual disability. Somatic involvement is variable. Symptoms include mildly coarse facial features, recurrent ear and respiratory infections, scoliosis, hip dysplasia, carpal tunnel syndrome and cardiac valve disease (Neufeld and Muenzer 2001; Wijburg et al. 2013; Fedele 2015). There is currently no treatment for MPS III (Fedele 2015). MPS III occurs in diverse ethnic and geographical populations with an estimated prevalence of 1-9:100,000 live births (www.orpha.net; Fedele 2015).
Genetics
MPS III is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and is caused by pathogenic variants in one of four genes: SGSH (MPS IIIA; N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase or sulfaminidase); NAGLU (MPS IIIB; α-N-acetylglucosaminidase); HGSNAT (MPS IIIC; heparan acetyl CoA: α-glucosaminide N-acetylglucosaminidase) or GNS (MGS IIID; N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase) (Fedele, 2015). Pathogenic variants are most common in SGSH and NAGLU with over 100 disease-causing variants in each gene reported in patients from various ethnic and geographical populations, while variants in HGSNAT and GNS have been reported in 66 and 23 patients, respectively. In SGSH, NAGLU, and HGSNAT, most reported variants are missense, although nonsense, splicing, small insertions or deletions and large deletions have been reported. In GNS, the reported variants are evenly distributed across the different variant types (Human Gene Mutation Database; Fedele 2015).
Several studies have reported genotype-phenotype correlations in some subtypes of MPS III. In particular, the following SGSH variants have been associated with a severe phenotype: p.Arg245His; p.Gln380Arg; p.Ser66Trp; c.1080delC (p.Val361Serfs*52); and p.Arg74Cys, while p.Ser298Pro has been associated with an attenuated phenotype (Bodamer et al. 2014; Fedele 2015). In NAGLU, p.Arg297Ter has been associated with a severe phenotype while p.Arg643Cys has been associated in an attenuated phenotype (Bodamer et al. 2014).
See individual gene test descriptions for information on molecular biology of gene products.
Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PG-Select
Pathogenic variants were identified in SGSH in >98% of the alleles in patients diagnosed with MPS IIIA based on deficient N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase activity (Valstar et al. 2010a). Pathogenic variants in NAGLU were identified in 94% to 100% of the alleles in patients diagnosed with MPS IIIB based on clinical features suggestive of MPS, elevated urinary heparan sulfate, and low levels of alpha-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity (Zhao et al. 1998; Beesley et al. 2005). Pathogenic variants in the HGSNAT gene were identified in 98% of the alleles in patients diagnosed with MPS IIIC based on clinical features suggestive of MPS, elevated urinary heparan sulfate, and low levels of acetyl-CoA:α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (Ruijter et al. 2008). Finally, pathogenic variants in the GNS gene were identified in approximately 85% of the alleles in patients diagnosed with MPS IIID based on clinical features suggestive of MPS, elevated urinary heparan sulfate, and low levels of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase. Large deletions were identified in all of the remaining alleles (Valstar et al. 2010b).
Although rare, large pathogenic deletions have been reported in all four of the genes associated with Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III (SGSH, NAGLU, HGSNAT, and GNS) (Fedele 2015; Human Gene Mutation Database).
Testing Strategy
This panel provides 100% coverage of all coding exons of the genes listed, plus ~10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA. We define coverage as ≥20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing.
Indications for Test
Indications for this test include: confirmation of the diagnosis of MPS III in patients with clinical features and radiological findings suggestive of MPS III, including increased heparan sulfate excretion in urine, and reduced heparan N-sulfatase activity; and identification of asymptomatic heterozygous carriers.
Indications for this test include: confirmation of the diagnosis of MPS III in patients with clinical features and radiological findings suggestive of MPS III, including increased heparan sulfate excretion in urine, and reduced heparan N-sulfatase activity; and identification of asymptomatic heterozygous carriers.
Genes
Official Gene Symbol | OMIM ID |
---|---|
GNS | 607664 |
HGSNAT | 610453 |
NAGLU | 609701 |
SGSH | 605270 |
Inheritance | Abbreviation |
---|---|
Autosomal Dominant | AD |
Autosomal Recessive | AR |
X-Linked | XL |
Mitochondrial | MT |
Diseases
Name | Inheritance | OMIM ID |
---|---|---|
Mucopolysaccharidosis, MPS-III-A | AR | 252900 |
Mucopolysaccharidosis, MPS-III-B | AR | 252920 |
Mucopolysaccharidosis, MPS-III-C | AR | 252930 |
Mucopolysaccharidosis, MPS-III-D | AR | 252940 |
Related Test
Name |
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PGxome® |
Citations
- Beesley C.E et al. 2005. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 28: 759-67. PubMed ID: 16151907
- Bodamer O.A. et al. 2014. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 113: 34-41. PubMed ID: 25127543
- Fedele A.O. 2015. The Application of Clinical Genetics. 8: 269-81. PubMed ID: 26648750
- Human Gene Mutation Database (Bio-base).
- Neufeld E.F., Muenzer J. 2001. The Mucoploysaccharidoses. 136: 3421-3452.
- Orphanet
- Ruijter G.J et al. 2008. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 93:104-11. PubMed ID: 18024218
- Valstar M.J. et al. 2010a. Annals of Neurology. 68: 876-87. PubMed ID: 21061399
- Valstar MJ et al. 2010b. Human Mutation. 31: E1348-60. PubMed ID: 20232353
- Wijburg F.A. et al. 2013. Acta Paediatrica. 102: 462-70. PubMed ID: 23336697
- Zhao H.G. et al. 1998. American Journal of Human Genetics. 62: 53-63. PubMed ID: 9443875
Ordering/Specimens
Ordering Options
We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.
myPrevent - Online Ordering
- The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
- Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
- PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.
Requisition Form
- A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
- Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
- All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.
For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page
If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.
Specimen Types
ORDER OPTIONS
View Ordering Instructions1) Select Test Type
2) Select Additional Test Options
No Additional Test Options are available for this test.