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Hereditary Xerocytosis Panel

Summary and Pricing

Test Method

Exome Sequencing with CNV Detection
Test Code Test Copy Genes Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Codes
KCNN4 81479,81479
PIEZO1 81479,81479
Test Code Test Copy Genes Panel CPT Code Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code Base Price
10087Genes x (2)81479 81479(x4) $990 Order Options and Pricing

Pricing Comments

We are happy to accommodate requests for testing single genes in this panel or a subset of these genes. The price will remain the list price. If desired, free reflex testing to remaining genes on panel is available. Alternatively, a single gene or subset of genes can also be ordered via our Custom Panel tool.

An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.

Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGxome (if original test is on PGxome Sequencing platform).

Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGnome (if original test is on PGnome Sequencing platform).

Turnaround Time

3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.

Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.

Targeted Testing

For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.

EMAIL CONTACTS

Genetic Counselors

Geneticist

  • Jessica Tumolo, PhD

Clinical Features and Genetics

Clinical Features

Hereditary Xerocytosis (HX), also called dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis, is a mild to moderate form of hemolytic anemia characterized by dehydrated red blood cells. The dehydrated red blood cell phenotype is due to defects in cation permeability rendering cells to lysis via shear stress (Platt et al. 1981). HX primarily presents in adults with mild anemia and symptoms including fatigue, macrocytosis, reticulocytosis, splenomegaly, jaundice, and cholelithiasis (Albuisson et al. 2013). Genetic testing is helpful in the differential diagnosis of HX from other forms of hemolytic anemia including hereditary spherocytosis, hemoglobinopathies, and enzyme deficiency anemias including pyruvate kinase deficiency. Early diagnosis is often helpful in monitoring of cholelithiasis and prevention of iron overload through regular monitoring of serum ferritinemia (An and Mohandas 2008).

In autosomal recessive forms of the disease, severe lymphatic dysplasia with non-immune hydrops fetalis has been reported in perinatal patients with widespread lymphedema, pleural effusions, chylothoraces, and/or pericardial effusions. This form of the disease is phenotypically similar to other generalized lymphatic dysplasia disorders including Hennekam Lymphagiectasia-Lymphedema syndrome (Fotiou et al. 2015).

Pseudohyperkalemia has also been reported in patients with HX. Due to the defect in cation permeability, blood samples stored at room temperature result in hyperkalemia lab results (Iolascon et al. 1999; Grootenboer et al. 1998).

Genetics

HX is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner through pathogenic variants in the PIEZO1 and KCNN4 genes. The PIEZO protein is a mechanically activated cation channel that facilitates potassium and sodium transport. Gain of function missense variants in the PIEZO1 gene results in increased permeability of cations resulting in HX (Albuisson et al. 2013; Andolfo et al. 2013). Missense variants are primarily located within exons 16-24 and 42-51. An in-frame deletion has also been reported in PIEZO1 gene for HX patients (Andolfo et al. 2013). In patients with HX, decreased osmotic fragility is present, however, clinical presentation is variable (Andolfo et al. 2013; Albuisson et al. 2013).

The KCNN4 gene encodes the Gardos channel protein which is a calcium regulated potassium channel that regulates erythrocyte volume homeostasis. Pathogenic variants in the KCNN4 gene have been reported in three kindreds with HX. To date, missense variants resulting in loss of channel function have been described (Rapetti-Mauss et al. 2015; Glogowska et al. 2015).

Lymphatic dysplasia with non-immune hydrops fetalis via the PIEZO1 gene is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Missense, nonsense, and splice site alterations resulting in loss of PIEZO function have been reported (Lukacs et al. 2015; Fotiou et al 2015). Similar hematologic phenotypes are seen in morpholino knockdown of piezo1 in zebrafish (Faucherre et al. 2014).

Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PGxome

Analytical sensitivity for the PIEZO1 and KCNN4 genes should be high as all pathogenic variants to date are detectable by sequencing. Clinical sensitivity for the PIEZO1 and KCNN4 genes is currently unknown due to the limited number of cases reported to date. In HX kindreds with pathogenic variants in the PIEZO1 gene, individuals with the familial variant presented with decreased osmotic fragility indicative of disease (Albuisson et al. 2013). In the three kindreds where a pathogenic variant in the KCNN4 gene was identified, all family members who were heterozygous for the familial variant had clinical and biochemical laboratory findings consistent with HX, indicating high penetrance (Rapetti-Mauss et al. 2015; Glogowska et al. 2015).

Testing Strategy

This test is performed using Next-Gen sequencing with additional Sanger sequencing as necessary.

This panel provides 100% coverage of all coding exons of the genes plus 10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA in all available transcripts along with other non-coding regions in which pathogenic variants have been identified at PreventionGenetics or reported elsewhere. We define coverage as ≥20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. PGnome panels typically provide slightly increased coverage over the PGxome equivalent. PGnome sequencing panels have the added benefit of additional analysis and reporting of deep intronic regions (where applicable).

Dependent on the sequencing backbone selected for this testing, discounted reflex testing to any other similar backbone-based test is available (i.e., PGxome panel to whole PGxome; PGnome panel to whole PGnome).

Indications for Test

HX candidates for testing present with an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration decreased osmotic resistance, normal hemoglobin level, decreased haptoglobin and normal mean cell volume. Peripheral blood smears show hyperchromatic red blood cells and some presence (<10%) of stomatocytes (Albuisson et al. 2013).

Genes

Official Gene Symbol OMIM ID
KCNN4 602754
PIEZO1 611184
Inheritance Abbreviation
Autosomal Dominant AD
Autosomal Recessive AR
X-Linked XL
Mitochondrial MT

Diseases

Name Inheritance OMIM ID
Xerocytosis Gardos AD 616689
Xerocytosis, Hereditary AD 194380

Related Test

Name
PGxome®

Citations

  • Albuisson J. et al. 2013. Nature Communications. 4: 1884. PubMed ID: 23695678
  • An X, Mohandas N. 2008. Disorders of red cell membrane. Br. J. Haematol. 141: 367–375. PubMed ID: 18341630
  • Andolfo I. et al. 2013. Blood. 121: 3925-35, S1-12. PubMed ID: 23479567
  • Faucherre A. et al. 2014. Haematologica. 99: 70-5. PubMed ID: 23872304
  • Fotiou E. et al. 2015. Nature Communications. 6: 8085. PubMed ID: 26333996
  • Glogowska E. et al. 2015. Blood. 126: 1281-4. PubMed ID: 26198474
  • Grootenboer S. et al. 1998. British Journal of Haematology. 103: 383-6. PubMed ID: 9827909
  • Iolascon A. et al. 1999. Blood. 93: 3120-3. PubMed ID: 10216110
  • Lukacs V. et al. 2015. Nature Communications. 6: 8329. PubMed ID: 26387913
  • Platt O.S. et al. 1981. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 68: 631-8. PubMed ID: 7276163
  • Rapetti-Mauss R. et al. 2015. Blood. 126: 1273-80. PubMed ID: 26148990

Ordering/Specimens

Ordering Options

We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.

myPrevent - Online Ordering

  • The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
  • Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
  • PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.

Requisition Form

  • A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
  • Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
  • All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.

For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page

If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.


Specimen Types

Specimen Requirements and Shipping Details

PGxome (Exome) Sequencing Panel

PGnome (Genome) Sequencing Panel

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ORDER OPTIONS

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2) Select Additional Test Options

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Note: acceptable specimen types are whole blood and DNA from whole blood only.
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