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Ovarian Dysgenesis via the FSHR Gene

  • Summary and Pricing
  • Clinical Features and Genetics
  • Citations
  • Methods
  • Ordering/Specimens
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TEST METHODS

Sequencing

Test Code Test Copy GenesIndividual Gene PriceCPT Code Copy CPT Codes
732 FSHR$860.00 81479 Add to Order
Targeted Testing

For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, please proceed to our Targeted Variants landing page.

Turnaround Time

The great majority of tests are completed within 18 days.

Clinical Sensitivity
Forty percent of women with amenorrhea are predicted to have a mutation in the FSHR gene (Reindollar & McDonough 1984; Aittomaki, 1994).  The percentage of men with oligozoospermia or teratozoospermia who have FSHR inactivating mutations is currently unknown.

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Deletion/Duplication Testing via aCGH

Test Code Test Copy GenesIndividual Gene PriceCPT Code Copy CPT Codes
600 FSHR$990.00 81479 Add to Order
Pricing Comment

# of Genes Ordered

Total Price

1

$990

2-5

$1190

6-10

$1290

11-100

$1490

Over 100

Call for quote
Turnaround Time

The great majority of tests are completed within 20 days.

Clinical Features
Ovarian Dysgenesis 1 (ODG1), also called XX Gonadal Dysgenesis (XX GD), is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor gene (FSHR) (Aittomaki et al. 1995). The classical features of ODG1 are poorly developed streak ovaries and primary amenorrhea in conjunction with a normal 46,XX karyotype (see Aittomaki, 1994). However, mutations in FSHR can also cause secondary amenorrhea in the absence of any apparent pubertal defects (Touraine et al. 1999) and varying degrees of oligozoospermia or teratozoospermia in men (Tapanainen et al. 1997). All patients with FSHR mutations, both men and women, exhibit elevated circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Genetics
To date, twenty-four mutations (20 missense, 1 gross deletion, and 3 regulatory) have been described for the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) gene (Human Gene Mutation Database; www.hgmd.org). Strong inactivating mutations, such as p.Ala189Val, p.Pro587His or a deletion of exons 9-10 cause Ovarian Dysgenesis, characterized by symptoms of primary amenorrhea, delayed or incomplete pubertal development, and small immature ovaries (Aittomaki et al. 1995; Kuechler et al. 2010). By contrast, weaker mutations, such as p.Arg573Cys or p.Leu601Val, exhibit some residual (5-25%) receptor activity and much milder symptoms, i.e. primary or secondary amenorrhea with apparently normal pubertal development (Touraine et al. 1999). Men homozygous for the strong inactivating mutation p.Ala189Val are healthy and normally masculinized but have low testicular volume and abnormal sperm parameters (Tapanainen et al. 1997). Currently, no other FSHR mutations have been described in males. Due to a likely founder effect, the p.Ala189Val mutation has a relatively high frequency (~1%) in the Finnish population, but is very rare in all other tested populations (Jiang et al. 1998). The frequencies of other FSHR mutations have not been reported.  Mutations in FSHR are the most common cause of recessively inherited Ovarian Dysgenesis.
Testing Strategy
This test involves bidirectional DNA sequencing of all 10 coding exons of the FSHR gene, plus ~10 bp of flanking non-coding DNA on either side of each exon. It also includes targeted testing of three regulatory variants: c.-37A>G,  c.-123A>G and c.-138A>T (Wunsch et al. Fertil Steril 84(2):446-453, 2005). We will also sequence any single exon (Test #100) or pair of exons (Test #200) in family members of patients with known mutations or to confirm research results.
Indications for Test
Candidates for this test are women with primary or secondary amenorrhea and normal 46,XX karyotype, men with oligozoospermia or teratozoospermia and normal 46,XY karyotype, and relatives of patients with a verified FSHR germline mutation.

Gene

Official Gene Symbol OMIM ID
FSHR 136435
Inheritance Abbreviation
Autosomal Dominant AD
Autosomal Recessive AR
X-Linked XL
Mitochondrial MT

Disease

Name Inheritance OMIM ID
Ovarian Dysgenesis 1 233300

Related Tests

Name
Male and Female Infertility via the FSHB Gene
Ovarian Dysgenesis via the BMP15 Gene
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome via the FSHR Gene

CONTACTS

Genetic Counselors
Geneticist
Citations
  • Aittomaki, K. (1994). "The genetics of XX gonadal dysgenesis." Am J Hum Genet 54(5): 844-51. PubMed ID: 8178824
  • Aittomaki, K., et.al. (1995). "Mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene causes hereditary hypergonadotropic ovarian failure." Cell 82(6): 959-68. PubMed ID: 7553856
  • Human Gene Mutation Database (Bio-base).
  • Jiang, M., et.al. (1998). "The frequency of an inactivating point mutation (566C-->T) of the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene in four populations using allele-specific hybridization and time-resolved fluorometry." J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(12): 4338-43. PubMed ID: 9851774
  • Kuechler, A., et.al. (2010). "An unbalanced translocation unmasks a recessive mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene and causes FSH resistance." Eur J Hum Genet 18(6): 656-61. PubMed ID: 20087398
  • Reindollar, R. H., McDonough, P. G. (1984). "Pubertal aberrancy. Etiology and clinical approach." J Reprod Med 29(6): 391-8. PubMed ID: 6379174
  • Tapanainen, J. S., et.al. (1997). "Men homozygous for an inactivating mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor gene present variable suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility." Nat Genet 15(2): 205-6. PubMed ID: 9020851
  • Touraine, P., et.al. (1999). "New natural inactivating mutations of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: correlations between receptor function and phenotype." Mol Endocrinol 13(11): 1844-54. PubMed ID: 10551778
  • Wunsch, A., et.al. (2005). "Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region influence the expression of the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor." Fertil Steril 84(2): 446-53. PubMed ID: 16084888
Order Kits
TEST METHODS

Bi-Directional Sanger Sequencing

Test Procedure

Nomenclature for sequence variants was from the Human Genome Variation Society (http://www.hgvs.org).  As required, DNA is extracted from the patient specimen.  PCR is used to amplify the indicated exons plus additional flanking non-coding sequence.  After cleaning of the PCR products, cycle sequencing is carried out using the ABI Big Dye Terminator v.3.0 kit.  Products are resolved by electrophoresis on an ABI 3730xl capillary sequencer.  In most cases, sequencing is performed in both forward and reverse directions; in some cases, sequencing is performed twice in either the forward or reverse directions.  In nearly all cases, the full coding region of each exon as well as 10 bases of non-coding DNA flanking the exon are sequenced.

Analytical Validity

As of February 2018, we compared 26.8 Mb of Sanger DNA sequence generated at PreventionGenetics to NextGen sequence generated in other labs. We detected only 4 errors in our Sanger sequences, and these were all due to allele dropout during PCR. For Proficiency Testing, both external and internal, in the 14 years of our lab operation we have Sanger sequenced roughly 14,300 PCR amplicons. Only one error has been identified, and this was an error in analysis of sequence data.

Our Sanger sequencing is capable of detecting virtually all nucleotide substitutions within the PCR amplicons. Similarly, we detect essentially all heterozygous or homozygous deletions within the amplicons. Homozygous deletions which overlap one or more PCR primer annealing sites are detectable as PCR failure. Heterozygous deletions which overlap one or more PCR primer annealing sites are usually not detected (see Analytical Limitations). All heterozygous insertions within the amplicons up to about 100 nucleotides in length appear to be detectable. Larger heterozygous insertions may not be detected. All homozygous insertions within the amplicons up to about 300 nucleotides in length appear to be detectable. Larger homozygous insertions may masquerade as homozygous deletions (PCR failure).

Analytical Limitations

In exons where our sequencing did not reveal any variation between the two alleles, we cannot be certain that we were able to PCR amplify both of the patient’s alleles. Occasionally, a patient may carry an allele which does not amplify, due for example to a deletion or a large insertion. In these cases, the report contains no information about the second allele.

Similarly, our sequencing tests have almost no power to detect duplications, triplications, etc. of the gene sequences.

In most cases, only the indicated exons and roughly 10 bp of flanking non-coding sequence on each side are analyzed. Test reports contain little or no information about other portions of the gene, including many regulatory regions.

In nearly all cases, we are unable to determine the phase of sequence variants. In particular, when we find two likely causative mutations for recessive disorders, we cannot be certain that the mutations are on different alleles.

Our ability to detect minor sequence variants, due for example to somatic mosaicism is limited. Sequence variants that are present in less than 50% of the patient’s nucleated cells may not be detected.

Runs of mononucleotide repeats (eg (A)n or (T)n) with n >8 in the reference sequence are generally not analyzed because of strand slippage during PCR and cycle sequencing.

Unless otherwise indicated, the sequence data that we report are based on DNA isolated from a specific tissue (usually leukocytes). Test reports contain no information about gene sequences in other tissues.

Deletion/Duplication Testing via Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Test Procedure

Equal amounts of genomic DNA from the patient and a gender matched reference sample are amplified and labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 dyes, respectively. To prevent any sample cross contamination, a unique sample tracking control is added into each patient sample. Each labeled patient product is then purified, quantified, and combined with the same amount of reference product. The combined sample is loaded onto the designed array and hybridized for at least 22-42 hours at 65°C. Arrays are then washed and scanned immediately with 2.5 µM resolution. Only data for the gene(s) of interest for each patient are extracted and analyzed.

Analytical Validity

PreventionGenetics' high density gene-centric custom designed aCGH enables the detection of relatively small deletions and duplications within a single exon of a given gene or deletions and duplications encompassing the entire gene. PreventionGenetics has established and verified this test's accuracy and precision.

Analytical Limitations

Our dense probe coverage may allow detection of deletions/duplications down to 100 bp; however due to limitations and probe spacing this cannot be guaranteed across all exons of all genes. Therefore, some copy number changes smaller than 100-300 bp within a targeted large exon may not be detected by our array.

This array may not detect deletions and duplications present at low levels of mosaicism or those present in genes that have pseudogene copies or repeats elsewhere in the genome.

aCGH will not detect balanced translocations, inversions, or point mutations that may be responsible for the clinical phenotype.

Breakpoints, if occurring outside the targeted gene, may be hard to define.

The sensitivity of this assay may be reduced when DNA is extracted by an outside laboratory.

Order Kits

Ordering Options


myPrevent - Online Ordering
  • The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
  • Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
REQUISITION FORM
  • A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
  • Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
  • All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.
SPECIMEN TYPES
WHOLE BLOOD

(Delivery accepted Monday - Saturday)

  • Collect 3 ml -5 ml (5 ml preferred) of whole blood in EDTA (purple top tube) or ACD (yellow top tube). For Test #500-DNA Banking only, collect 10 ml -20 ml of whole blood.
  • For small babies, we require a minimum of 1 ml of blood.
  • Only one blood tube is required for multiple tests.
  • Ship blood tubes at room temperature in an insulated container. Do not freeze blood.
  • During hot weather, include a frozen ice pack in the shipping container. Place a paper towel or other thin material between the ice pack and the blood tube.
  • In cold weather, include an unfrozen ice pack in the shipping container as insulation.
  • At room temperature, blood specimen is stable for up to 48 hours.
  • If refrigerated, blood specimen is stable for up to one week.
  • Label the tube with the patient name, date of birth and/or ID number.
DNA

(Delivery accepted Monday - Saturday)

  • Send in screw cap tube at least 5 µg -10 µg of purified DNA at a concentration of at least 20 µg/ml for NGS and Sanger tests and at least 5 µg of purified DNA at a concentration of at least 100 µg/ml for gene-centric aCGH, MLPA, and CMA tests, minimum 2 µg for limited specimens.
  • For requests requiring more than one test, send an additional 5 µg DNA per test ordered when possible.
  • DNA may be shipped at room temperature.
  • Label the tube with the composition of the solute, DNA concentration as well as the patient’s name, date of birth, and/or ID number.
  • We only accept genomic DNA for testing. We do NOT accept products of whole genome amplification reactions or other amplification reactions.
CELL CULTURE

(Delivery preferred Monday - Thursday)

  • PreventionGenetics should be notified in advance of arrival of a cell culture.
  • Culture and send at least two T25 flasks of confluent cells.
  • Some panels may require additional flasks (dependent on size of genes, amount of Sanger sequencing required, etc.). Multiple test requests may also require additional flasks. Please contact us for details.
  • Send specimens in insulated, shatterproof container overnight.
  • Cell cultures may be shipped at room temperature or refrigerated.
  • Label the flasks with the patient name, date of birth, and/or ID number.
  • We strongly recommend maintaining a local back-up culture. We do not culture cells.
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