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Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism/Kallmann Syndrome via the AXL Gene

Summary and Pricing

Test Method

Exome Sequencing with CNV Detection
Test Code Test Copy GenesTest CPT Code Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Codes Base Price
AXL 81479 81479,81479 $990
Test Code Test Copy Genes Test CPT Code Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code Base Price
10489AXL81479 81479,81479 $990 Order Options and Pricing

An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.

Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGxome (if original test is on PGxome Sequencing platform).

Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGnome (if original test is on PGnome Sequencing platform).

Turnaround Time

3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.

Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.

Targeted Testing

For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.

EMAIL CONTACTS

Genetic Counselors

Geneticist

  • Fang Xu, PhD, FACMG

Clinical Features and Genetics

Clinical Features

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), also known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency (IGD), is a genetic condition that is characterized by delayed or absent sexual development and infertility due to an impaired secretion of gonadotropins. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is divided into two major clinical phenotypes depending on the presence of an intact sense of smell: anosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kallmann syndrome, KS) and normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nHH) (Marino et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 25254043; Boehm et al. 2015. PubMed ID: 26194704; Kim. 2015. PubMed ID: 26790381; Balasubramanian et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 20301509). The prevalence of HH has been estimated to range from 1:10,000 to 1:86,000 individuals depending on different populations (for example 1:10,000 in French and 1:86,000 in Sardinian). Males predominate in HH with a male-to-female ratio of nearly 4:1 (Seminara et al. 1998. PubMed ID: 9793755). A recent study in Finland showed a minimal incidence of KS which accounts for nearly two thirds of individuals with HH of 1:30,000 in males and 1:125,000 in females (Laitinen et al. 2011. PubMed ID: 21682876).

HH is typically diagnosed in patients presenting with absent or incomplete puberty, low serum testosterone or estradiol due to absence of circulating gonadotropins LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), but no other abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Balasubramanian et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 20301509). Infant boys with HH often demonstrate micropenis and cryptorchidism. Adult males with HH present failure to undergo normal puberty and absence of secondary sexual characteristics. Females with HH usually have little or no breast development, primary amenorrhea or infertility. In addition to reproductive symptoms, many KS patients exhibit a wide variety of additional signs and symptoms. Commonly recognized non-reproductive features that may be present in KS patients include: digital synkinesia, unilateral renal agenesis, cleft lip and /or palate, dental agenesis, hearing loss, and abnormal eye movements (Kaplan et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20949504; Layman 2013. PubMed ID: 23650337; Balasubramanian et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 20301509).

Hormone replacement with testosterone in males and estrogen in females is the classic treatment for hypogonadism. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is one of the rare conditions in which specific medical treatment can reverse infertility. Early intervention can promote the development of and maintain secondary sexual characteristics and normal sexual function, prevent low bone density and related complications, and also provides the opportunity for fertility (Boehm et al. 2015. PubMed ID: 26194704).

Genetics

HH is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. To date, pathogenic variants in more than 35 genes, including AXL, account for about half of all HH. These genes are known to be involved in the formation and migration of GnRH and olfactory neurons. Pathogenic variant in these genes haven been reported to disrupt the migratory pathway of GnRH and olfactory neurons from the nasal region into the hypothalamus. AXL encodes a member of the Tyro3-Axl-Mer (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. Heterozygous missense variants in AXL have been reported in patients with HH/KS (Salian-Mehta et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 24476074; Quaynor et al. 2016. PubMed ID: 27502037). Functional analysis of AXL pathogenic variants demonstrated defective ligand dependent receptor processing and aberrant neuronal migration (Salian-Mehta et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 24476074).

Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PGxome

To date, only a few pathogenic variants have been reported in AXL (Salian-Mehta et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 24476074; Quaynor et al. 2016. PubMed ID: 27502037). Abnormalities in AXL therefore appear to be a relatively rare cause of disease.

Testing Strategy

This test provides full coverage of all coding exons of the AXL gene plus 10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA in all available transcripts along with other non-coding regions in which pathogenic variants have been identified at PreventionGenetics or reported elsewhere. We define full coverage as >20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. PGnome panels typically provide slightly increased coverage over the PGxome equivalent. PGnome sequencing panels have the added benefit of additional analysis and reporting of deep intronic regions (where applicable).

Dependent on the sequencing backbone selected for this testing, discounted reflex testing to any other similar backbone-based test is available (i.e., PGxome panel to whole PGxome; PGnome panel to whole PGnome).

Indications for Test

Candidates for this test are patients with symptoms consistent with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism/Kallmann syndrome.

Gene

Official Gene Symbol OMIM ID
AXL 109135
Inheritance Abbreviation
Autosomal Dominant AD
Autosomal Recessive AR
X-Linked XL
Mitochondrial MT

Disease

Name Inheritance OMIM ID

Related Test

Name
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism/Kallmann Syndrome Panel

Citations

Ordering/Specimens

Ordering Options

We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.

myPrevent - Online Ordering

  • The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
  • Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
  • PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.

Requisition Form

  • A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
  • Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
  • All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.

For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page

If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.


Specimen Types

Specimen Requirements and Shipping Details

PGxome (Exome) Sequencing Panel

PGnome (Genome) Sequencing Panel

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ORDER OPTIONS

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View Ordering Instructions

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2) Select Additional Test Options

No Additional Test Options are available for this test.

Note: acceptable specimen types are whole blood and DNA from whole blood only.
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