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Chronic Pancreatitis via the Chymotrypsin C (CTRC) Gene

Summary and Pricing

Test Method

Exome Sequencing with CNV Detection
Test Code Test Copy GenesTest CPT Code Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Codes Base Price
CTRC 81405 81405,81479 $990
Test Code Test Copy Genes Test CPT Code Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code Base Price
8465CTRC81405 81405,81479 $990 Order Options and Pricing

Pricing Comments

Our favored testing approach is exome based NextGen sequencing with CNV analysis. This will allow cost effective reflexing to PGxome or other exome based tests. However, if full gene Sanger sequencing is desired for STAT turnaround time, insurance, or other reasons, please see link below for Test Code, pricing, and turnaround time information. If the Sanger option is selected, CNV detection may be ordered through Test #600.

An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.

Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGxome (if original test is on PGxome Sequencing platform).

Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGnome (if original test is on PGnome Sequencing platform).

The Sanger Sequencing method for this test is NY State approved.

For Sanger Sequencing click here.

Turnaround Time

3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.

Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.

Targeted Testing

For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.

EMAIL CONTACTS

Genetic Counselors

Geneticist

  • Chansonette Badduke, PhD

Clinical Features and Genetics

Clinical Features

Pancreatitis is characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation of the pancreas in both adults and children (Chen, J.M. and Ferec, C. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 10:63-87, 2009). Symptoms usually begin in late childhood with an episode of acute pancreatitis and include severe upper abdominal burning pain radiating to the back, nausea, and vomiting that is worsened with eating (acute pancreatitis). Recurrent acute pancreatitis leads to chronic pancreatitis due to persistent inflammation. Chronic pancreatitis usually develops by early adulthood in affected individuals and symptoms include occasional or frequent abdominal pain of varying severity, flatulence, and bloating. Unexplained weight loss may occur from a lack of pancreatic enzymes hindering digestion (Rebours, V. et al. Dig Liver Dis 44(1):8-15, 2012). Episodes of pancreatitis can lead to permanent tissue damage and loss of pancreatic function. Chronic pancreatitis increases the risk for diabetes and pancreatic cancer, more so with smoking and use of alcohol (Yadav, D. and Whitcomb, D.C. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 7(3):131–145, 2010). Mutations in several genes have been identified to be causative for or induce susceptibility to pancreatitis (Joergensen, M.T. et al. Am J Gastroenterol 105(8):1876-1883, 2010).

Genetics

Hereditary chronic pancreatitis (HP) occurs at an estimated incidence of 0.3/100,000 in western countries (Joergensen, M.T. et al., 2010) and presents as autosomal dominant or recessive with incomplete penetrance (80%) depending upon the gene that is involved. Mutations in the Chymotrypsin C (CTRC) gene are known to increase susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis and are inherited in a digenic mode (heterozygous mutations along with mutations in other genes such as SPINK1 or CFTR) or as autosomal recessive (Masson, E. et al. PLoS One 8(8):e.73522, 2013).

The CTRC gene encodes a protease that functions to prevent premature trypsinogen activation in the pancreas as well as promote trypsin degradation (Szmola, R. and Sahin-Toth, M. PNAS 104(27): 11227–11232, 2007). Loss-of-function mutations in CTRC predispose to pancreatitis (Rosendahl, J. et. al. Nat Genet 40(1):78-82, 2008). Types of mutations reported in CTRC include missense, splicing, regulatory, deletion and insertion variants (Human Gene Mutation Database).

Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PGxome

Our full gene sequencing test is expected to detect >98% of CTRC causative mutations.

Testing Strategy

This test provides full coverage of all coding exons of the CTRC gene plus 10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA in all available transcripts along with other non-coding regions in which pathogenic variants have been identified at PreventionGenetics or reported elsewhere. We define full coverage as >20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. PGnome panels typically provide slightly increased coverage over the PGxome equivalent. PGnome sequencing panels have the added benefit of additional analysis and reporting of deep intronic regions (where applicable).

Dependent on the sequencing backbone selected for this testing, discounted reflex testing to any other similar backbone-based test is available (i.e., PGxome panel to whole PGxome; PGnome panel to whole PGnome).

Indications for Test

Individuals with the following criteria should consider testing for mutations in CTRC (Ellis, I. et al. Pancreatology 1(5):405-415, 2001):

Recurrent unexplained attacks of acute pancreatitis and a positive family history, unexplained chronic pancreatitis and a positive family history, unexplained chronic pancreatitis without a positive family history after exclusion of other causes such as hyperlipidaemia type I, familiar hypercalciuric hypercalcemia (FBH), hereditary hyperthyroidism and autoimmune pancreatitis, unexplained pancreatitis episodes in children, or individuals who test negative for mutations in the PRSS1 gene or have a heterozygous causative mutation in either SPINK1 or CFTR.

Gene

Official Gene Symbol OMIM ID
CTRC 601405
Inheritance Abbreviation
Autosomal Dominant AD
Autosomal Recessive AR
X-Linked XL
Mitochondrial MT

Disease

Name Inheritance OMIM ID
Pancreatitis, Chronic AD 167800

Citations

  • Chen J-M, Férec C. 2009. Chronic pancreatitis: genetics and pathogenesis. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 10: 63–87. PubMed ID: 19453252
  • Ellis, I, Lerch, MM, Whitcomb, DC. 2001. Genetic testing for hereditary pancreatitis: guidelines for indications, counselling, consent and privacy issues. Pancreatology 1:405-415. PubMed ID: 12120217
  • Human Gene Mutation Database (Bio-base).
  • Joergensen, MT, Brusgaard, K, Crüger, DG, Gerdes, AM, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, OB. 2010. Genetic, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of hereditary pancreatitis: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105:1876-1883. PubMed ID: 20502448
  • Masson, E, Chen, JM, Audrézet, MP, Cooper, DN, Férec, C. 2013. A Conservative Assessment of the Major Genetic Causes of Idiopathic Chronic Pancreatitis: Data from a Comprehensive Analysis of PRSS1, SPINK1, CTRC and CFTR Genes in 253 Young French Patients. PLoS One 8:e73522. PubMed ID: 23951356
  • Rebours V, Lévy P, Ruszniewski P. 2012. An overview of hereditary pancreatitis. Dig Liver Dis 44: 8–15. PubMed ID: 21907651
  • Rosendhal, J. et al. (2008).  "Chymotrypsin C (CTRC) variants that diminish activity or secretion are associated with chronic pancreatitis." Nat Genet 40(1):78-82. PubMed ID: 18059268
  • Szmola, R. and Sahin-Tóth, M. (2007). "Chymotrypsin C (caldecrin) promotes degradation of human cationic trypsin: identity with Rinderknecht's enzyme Y." Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(27):11227-11232. PubMed ID: 17592142
  • Yadav D, Whitcomb DC. 2010. The role of alcohol and smoking in pancreatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 7: 131–145. PubMed ID: 20125091

Ordering/Specimens

Ordering Options

We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.

myPrevent - Online Ordering

  • The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
  • Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
  • PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.

Requisition Form

  • A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
  • Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
  • All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.

For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page

If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.


Specimen Types

Specimen Requirements and Shipping Details

PGxome (Exome) Sequencing Panel

PGnome (Genome) Sequencing Panel

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ORDER OPTIONS

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2) Select Additional Test Options

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Note: acceptable specimen types are whole blood and DNA from whole blood only.
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