Nemaline Myopathy via the KLHL40 Gene
Summary and Pricing 
Test Method
Exome Sequencing with CNV Detection
| Test Code | Test Copy Genes | Test CPT Code | Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code | Base Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11433 | KLHL40 | 81479 | 81479,81479 | $990 | Order Options and Pricing |
Pricing Comments
Our favored testing approach is exome based NextGen sequencing with CNV analysis. This will allow cost effective reflexing to PGxome or other exome based tests. However, if full gene Sanger sequencing is desired for STAT turnaround time, insurance, or other reasons, please see link below for Test Code, pricing, and turnaround time information. If the Sanger option is selected, CNV detection may be ordered through Test #600.
An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.
Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGxome (if original test is on PGxome Sequencing platform).
Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGnome (if original test is on PGnome Sequencing platform).
The Sanger Sequencing method for this test is NY State approved.
For Sanger Sequencing click here.Turnaround Time
3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.
Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.
Targeted Testing
For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.
Clinical Features and Genetics
Clinical Features
Nemaline myopathy (NEM) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by muscle weakness, hypotonia and the presence of nemaline bodies in skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle weakness is typically observed in affected neonates or infants, although later onset cases are reported (Ryan et al. 2001). The most severely affected muscle groups are proximal limb, facial, bulbar, and respiratory muscles. Deep tendon reflexes are absent or depressed. Histologically, NEM is characterized by type 1 fiber predominance and the presence of rod-like structures called nemaline bodies upon Gomori trichrome staining of skeletal muscle (Ryan et al. 2003). Six clinical types of NEM have been delineated based on age of onset, severity and distribution of weakness, and respiratory function (Ryan et al. 2001; North and Ryan 1993). Nemaline myopathy-8 due to mutations in the KLHL40 gene represents a severe form of this disease with features of fetal akinesia or hyopkenisia and early lethality (Ravenscroft et al. 2013). Affected newborns with NEM8 have respiratory distress, swallowing difficulties, and joint contractures secondary to decreased fetal movement. Muscle biopsies reveal nemaline rods (Ravenscroft et al. 2013).
Genetics
KLHL40-related nemaline myopathy (NEM8; OMIM 615348) is an autosomal recessive disorder. KLHL40 (OMIM 615340) encodes a Kelch repeat containing protein that is expressed in striated muscle predominately during fetal development (Ravenscroft et al. 2013). Pathogenic variants have been reported in every exon of the KLHL40 gene (http://www.LOVD.nl/KLHL40). The types of mutations reported include missense, nonsense, splicing, and small deletions/insertions.
Kelch-Like 40 is encoded by exons 1 – 6 of the KLHL40 gene on chr 3p22.1.
Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PGxome
KLHL40-related nemaline myopathy appears to be a common type of severe, early onset nemaline myopathy. Nearly 20% of 143 families affected by severe nemaline myopathy were found to have KLHL40 mutations (Ravenscroft et al. 2013). Among a cohort of Japanese families, KLHL40 mutations were found in 28%, making it the most common cause of severe, early onset nemaline myopathy.
Testing Strategy
This test provides full coverage of all coding exons of the KLHL40 gene plus 10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA in all available transcripts along with other non-coding regions in which pathogenic variants have been identified at PreventionGenetics or reported elsewhere. We define full coverage as >20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. PGnome panels typically provide slightly increased coverage over the PGxome equivalent. PGnome sequencing panels have the added benefit of additional analysis and reporting of deep intronic regions (where applicable).
Dependent on the sequencing backbone selected for this testing, discounted reflex testing to any other similar backbone-based test is available (i.e., PGxome panel to whole PGxome; PGnome panel to whole PGnome).
Indications for Test
Newborns presenting with severe manifestations of congenital myopathy. This test may also be considered for the reproductive partners of individuals who carry pathogenic variants in KLHL40.
Newborns presenting with severe manifestations of congenital myopathy. This test may also be considered for the reproductive partners of individuals who carry pathogenic variants in KLHL40.
Gene
| Official Gene Symbol | OMIM ID |
|---|---|
| KLHL40 | 615340 |
| Inheritance | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Autosomal Dominant | AD |
| Autosomal Recessive | AR |
| X-Linked | XL |
| Mitochondrial | MT |
Disease
| Name | Inheritance | OMIM ID |
|---|---|---|
| Nemaline Myopathy 8 | 615348 |
Citations
- KLHL40 Homepage-Leiden Muscular Dystrophy pages-Leiden Open Variation Database.
- North K, Ryan MM. 2002. Nemaline Myopathy. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong C-T, and Stephens K, editors. GeneReviews™, Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PubMed ID: 20301465
- Ravenscroft G, Miyatake S, Lehtokari V-L, Todd EJ, Vornanen P, Yau KS, Hayashi YK, Miyake N, Tsurusaki Y, Doi H, Saitsu H, Osaka H, Yamashita S, Ohya T, Sakamoto Y, Koshimizu E, Imamura S, Yamashita M, Ogata K, Shiina M, Bryson-Richardson RJ, Vaz R, Ceyhan O, Brownstein CA, Swanson LC, Monnot S, Romero NB, Amthor H, Kresoje N, Sivadorai P, Kiraly-Borri C, Haliloglu G, Talim B, Orhan D, Kale G, Charles AK, Fabian VA, Davis MR, Lammens M, Sewry CA, Manzur A, Muntoni F, Clarke NF, North KN, Bertini E, Nevo Y, Willichowski E, Silberg IE, Topaloglu H, Beggs AH, Allcock RJ, Nishino I, Wallgren-Pettersson C, Matsumoto N, Laing NG. 2013. Mutations in KLHL40 Are a Frequent Cause of Severe Autosomal-Recessive Nemaline Myopathy. The American Journal of Human Genetics 93: 6-18. PubMed ID: 23746549
- Ryan MM, Ilkovski B, Strickland CD, Schnell C, Sanoudou D, Midgett C, Houston R, Muirhead D, Dennett X, Shield LK, Girolami U De, Iannaccone ST, Laing NG, North KN, Beggs AH. 2003. Clinical course correlates poorly with muscle pathology in nemaline myopathy. Neurology 60: 665–673. PubMed ID: 12601110
- Ryan MM, Schnell C, Strickland CD, Shield LK, Morgan G, Iannaccone ST, Laing NG, Beggs AH, North KN. 2001. Nemaline myopathy: a clinical study of 143 cases. Ann. Neurol. 50: 312–320. PubMed ID: 11558787
Ordering/Specimens
Ordering Options
We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.
myPrevent - Online Ordering
- The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
- Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
- PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.
Requisition Form
- A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
- Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
- All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.
For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page
If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.
Specimen Types
Specimen Requirements and Shipping Details
PGxome (Exome) Sequencing Panel
PGnome (Genome) Sequencing Panel
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ORDER OPTIONS
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2) Select Additional Test Options
No Additional Test Options are available for this test.